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Premises are true or false statements that act as the starting points of arguments by presenting reasons to substantiate or refute assertions. For example, the premises "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man" guarantee the conclusion "Socrates is mortal". Explicit premises are overtly stated, whereas implicit premises are tacitly assumed without appearing in the text. Independent premises give distinct reasons, whereas dependent premises only work in combination. The role of premises in arguments is typically either to preserve truth or to transfer justification to a conclusion. To succeed, premises must be true or justified and must be relevant to the conclusion. In deductively valid arguments, true premises guarantee a true conclusion. In non-deductive arguments, the premises aim to make the conclusion more reasonable or increase its probability. Defective arguments, called fallacies, can often arise from faulty premises. Premises are central to many fields, including logic, argumentation theory, mathematics, philosophy, science, and law. (Full article...)

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Aracelio Iglesias

... that Aracelio Iglesias (pictured) was called the "Red Czar of the port of Havana"?
... that Wikipedia's critics include a co-founder who was banned earlier this year?
... that Tillie Voss allegedly responded to a toothache by running head first into a wall of cinder blocks?
... that the sitcom No Big Deal received zero stars out of five from The Guardian?
... that blowing on hot food has been discouraged by medieval English courtesy books, Islamic religious texts, and indigenous deer hunters from Mexico?
... that professional golfer Ryan Peake was formerly a member of an outlaw motorcycle club?
... that the Singaporean government launched a dating service for civil servants?
... that Gisèle Joannès smuggled documents under baby clothes during World War II?
... that a dean at the University of Arkansas said the university was "silly enough" to have accepted a closed nuclear reactor as a gift?

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Blueberry-flavored frozen yogurt

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In the news

Kimi Antonelli

In the United States, the Democratic Party wins a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate in the midterm elections.
In motorsport, Kimi Antonelli (pictured) becomes the youngest ever winner of the Formula One World Championship.
The Polish Constitutional Tribunal crisis escalates with the suspension of tribunal head Bogdan Święczkowski and deputy head Bartłomiej Sochański by judge Anna Korwin-Piotrowska.

On this day

November 7

Jeannette Rankin

1893 – Between 20 and 30 people in the Grand Lyceum Theatre in Barcelona were killed in a terrorist attack by Spanish anarchist Santiago Salvador.
1916 – Jeannette Rankin (pictured) became the first woman to be elected to the United States House of Representatives.
1949 – Oil was discovered in the Caspian Sea off the coast of Azerbaijan, leading to the construction of Neft Daşları, the world's first offshore oil platform.
1996 – NASA launched Mars Global Surveyor from the Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, Florida.

Jeanne de Jussie (d. 1561)
Nestor Makhno (b. 1888)
Gwyneth Jones (b. 1936)
Lorde (b. 1996)

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Today's featured picture

Leotia lubrica, commonly referred to as a jelly baby, is a species of fungus in the family Leotiaceae. The species produces small fruit bodies up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in height, featuring a head and a stalk. The youngest fruit bodies are small and conical, but the fertile head quickly grows from the stalk. Ochre with tints of olive green, the heads are irregularly shaped, while the stalk, of a similar colour, attaches them to the ground. The appearance can be somewhat variable and is similar to a number of other species. It has been recorded in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australasia. Growing in woodland among moss, plant detritus or other habitats, the fruit bodies are typically found in large numbers, though they can grow in tight clumps or even individually. The species may feed as a saprotroph or possibly obtains nutrition from living trees through ectomycorrhizae. It is often described as inedible, despite its common name, but has occasionally been reported as a good edible. This cluster of L. lubrica fruit bodies was photographed near Erbach in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Photograph credit: Holger Krisp

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